Specialization between Family and State Intergenerational Time Transfers in Western Europe
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intergenerational time transfers can be differentiated and divided into two support forms: help and care activities. Adult children support their elderly parents with more or less intensive and widely differing transfers ranging from help with household chores and paperwork to personal care. However, elderly people are also an important source of intergenerational support, as they help their children by looking after the grandchildren for example. In general intergenerational solidarity patterns are influenced by opportunity, need, family and culturalcontextual structures, which have differing impacts on help and care: Care is mainly depending on the need structures of the receiver while help activities to parents and children are primarily influenced by the opportunity structures of the giver. Additionally, using the SHARE data, logistic multilevel modeling allows national help and care levels to be traced back to the provision of public services. The empirical findings support the “specialization hypothesis”: A higher national level of social services coincides with less intensive help and more demanding care. Well-developed welfare states thus lower the risk of an overburdening of the family and secure the overall support of older people and young families through efficient collaboration between family and state.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it