The Stroop-Interference-NoGo-Test (STING): A Fast Screening Tool for the Global Assessment of Neuropsychological Impairments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background With the Stroop-Interference-NoGo-Test (STING), we introduce an efficient and sensitive screening tool for the assessment of mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Its development was motivated by the ongoing economization of diagnostics and therapy in clinics as well as by the increased recognition of the effects of cognitive impairments on quality of life and professional reintegration. Established screenings such as the MoCA, MMSE and CAMCOG are either more time-consuming or lack sensitivity with regard to mild to moderate impairments in relevant domains. Methods STING is based on the idea of an omnibus test. It integrates attentional, lexical-semantic, speed- and inhibitory components. In this way, a basic sensorimotor component is separated from a higher-order cognitive/executive component, which allows for differentiation between cognitive and generalised or merely sensorimotor impairments. The norms are based on data from 907 participants (386 M, 521 F). Its discriminative power was investigated in 64 patients (32 M, 32 F) with heterogeneous, but predominantly mild to moderate neuropsychological impairments. Results The split-half reliability is essentially r=0.82–0.95. For the parallel-test reliability, the index is r=0.82–0.91, whereas the test-retest stability is estimated somewhat lower (r=0.48–0.81). Practice effects are moderate (7–12%). STING is correlated with many familiar tests, but sets itself apart from mere intelligence testing. Within the age category of 12–34 years, the number of correct items in the more complex second half of the test was predictive for clinical caseness, with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 47%. Between the ages of 35 and 64, the classification was improved by the combination with the ratio of both halves, which represents set-shifting costs. Here the sensitivity of 71% goes hand in hand with a specificity of 70%. Discussion STING provides a measure that can be considered sufficiently sensitive for use in the global assessment of cognitive impairment. A positive result does not replace a neuropsychological assessment, but indicates the need for one. The test offers an opportunity to neurologists, psychologists and psychiatrists to objectify mild to moderate, transient, or chronic functional impairments and to evaluate their course over time.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".