Higher‐level phylogeny of diving beetles ( <scp>C</scp> oleoptera: <scp>D</scp> ytiscidae) based on larval characters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A comprehensive higher‐level phylogeny of diving beetles ( D ytiscidae) based on larval characters is presented. Larval morphology and chaetotaxy of a broad range of genera and species was studied, covering all currently recognized subfamilies and tribes except for the small and geographically restricted H ydrodytinae, where the larva is unknown. The results suggest several significant conclusions with respect to the systematics of D ytiscidae including the following: monophyly of all currently recognized subfamilies, although D ytiscinae when considered in a broad context is rendered paraphyletic by C ybistrinae; currently recognized tribes are monophyletic except for A gabini, H ydroporini and L accornellini; inter‐subfamily and inter‐tribe relationships generally show weak support, except for a few well supported clades; three distinct clades are recognized within D ytiscinae [ D ytiscini sensu lato (i.e. including the genera D ytiscus L innaeus and H yderodes H ope), H ydaticini sensu lato, and C ybistrini]; and recognition of P achydrini as a distinct tribe. Other less robust results include: M ethlini sister to the rest of H ydroporinae; relative basal position of L accornini, H ydrovatini and L accornellini within H ydroporinae; close relationship of A gabinae and C opelatinae; M atinae nested deep within D ytiscidae, as sister to a large clade including C olymbetinae, C optotominae, L ancetinae and D ytiscinae sensu lato; the sister‐group relationship of A gabetini and L accophilini is confirmed. The results presented here are discussed and compared with previous phylogenetic hypotheses based on different datasets, and the evolution of some significant morphological features is discussed in light of the proposed phylogeny. All suprageneric taxa are diagnosed, including illustrations of all relevant synapomorphies, and a key to separate subfamilies and tribes is presented, both in traditional (paper) format and as an online L ucid interactive identification key.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".