The Knowledge Deficit about Taxes: Who It Affects and What to Do About It
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tax professionals argue that the tax system is too complex for ordinary taxpayers and that this sometimes makes their work for clients more educational than strategic. Tax complexity is not only a headache for these professionals but also a source of inefficiency and unfairness in our tax system as not every citizen understands it to the same degree. We use the tax system to support our retirement, education and poverty-reduction public programs. Failures of the tax system affect these programs as well. Weak understanding of taxes has also been shown to lower the level of trust of citizens in the tax system. This lower level of trust can translate into higher rates of tax evasion or avoidance, raising the cost of taxation for everyone. Canada has experience assessing the financial literacy of its citizens and is developing policies to raise it. This issue is considered strategic as financial tools and markets become more and more complicated and our population is aging. The tax system is a financial tool that citizens must know how to use as much as mortgages or pension funds are. Drawing from the research on financial literacy, we aim to develop a method to measure “tax literacy.” We evaluate, with the use of a survey administered by the polling firm Crop to Quebec citizens, the knowledge and skills of citizens concerning fiscal matters, understood broadly to include direct and indirect taxation as well as social transfers. Age, education and income are associated with higher knowledge of these matters, but not gender or being self-employed. Higher tax literacy is associated with a higher propensity for taxpayers to produce their tax return themselves rather than with the help of a professional. It also appears that women tend to underestimate their understanding of tax. Tax literacy, and the methods for its measurement, are a new tool to assess the failures of certain policies such as the Children Fitness Tax Credit or the Canada Learning Bond to reach their target audiences. More generally, weak understanding of taxes contributes to lowered trust in our tax system, which underpins our social bonds. Assessing this issue is a first step towards making our tax system fairer and more efficient.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it