Numerical Investigation of Fillet Welds in HSS-to-Rigid End-Plate Connections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a finite-element (FE) investigation on the behavior of fillet-welded hollow structural section (HSS) rigid end-plate connections, wherein the entire weld length is effective. The FE models are validated by comparison to 33 experimental tests and a parametric study is then performed with 73 numerical tests to evaluate the effect of weld size, HSS branch wall slenderness, and branch inclination angle on fillet-weld strength. The inherent problem with single-sided fillet welds to a tension-loaded element is illustrated. A reliability analysis determined that the directional strength-increase factor for fillet welds in North America leads to inadequate values of the safety index for joints to both circular and rectangular HSSs, especially for connections with large welds. Hence, an alternative yet safe method for estimating the strength of fillet welds to HSS, based on weld size, is proposed. An expression for the fillet-weld size required to develop the yield strength of a 90° HSS branch member is derived.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".