Beam-Tilting Endfire Antenna Using a Single-Layer FSS for 5G Communication Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter describes a simple beam-tilting technique for an endfire antenna using only a single-layer frequency selective surface (FSS). The proposed approach is based on placing a parasitic FSS element under the antenna to tilt the beam in the desired direction. This is achieved by using a modified uniplanar compact FSS. To demonstrate the principle, the periodic structure is applied to a Yagi-Uda antenna operating in the millimeter-wave frequency band from 28 to 31 GHz. The measured results, by integrating the proposed FSS (one layer of 3 × 5 unit cells) under the directors of the antenna, show that at 30 GHz, the main beam radiation tilts the endfire direction (yz plane) by +23° and -29° when the FSS structure is rotated by 90°, respectively. The simplicity of this method makes it suitable for 5G communication networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".