Comparative Survey of Various Approaches of the Laws & Regulations in relation to Electronic Signatures & Security thereof
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Signatures are a significant part of the legal, commercial and even artistic personality and credibility of individuals and their existence is essential for validating not only the most important international documents but even a simple greeting card. A signature on a document, is the most significant evidence for attributing its contents to the signatory, indicating the acknowledgement and acceptance of the contents of the document by the parties who signed it with their knowledge and consent. For this reason, security of this process is of utmost importance and entry of such process in the electronic and digital space, makes it twice as much important.Due to this, without existence of the necessary security infrastructures in the digital space, there is no possibility of providing electronic services, because without availability of the technologies required for validating and regulating the electronic documents, electronic signatures cannot be trusted.The requirement of legislation along with these technologies for providing this security, is one of the most effective factors for realization of this subject, since in other words, proper application and implementation of such technologies is subject to enactment of some statutes related to this issue.Therefore, in this research, considering the importance of the part of definitions, recognition of the title and its effect on the most careful study on approaches and differences of legal systems in this regard, we first review and describe the electronic signature in various legal systems. Subsequently, the paper progresses to explain different approaches of such systems towards the issue of security of the electronic signatures. After reviewing relevant laws in different countries including the United States, France and Iran, we designate an appropriate approach regarding the security issue in the electronic signature space.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".