Improved image selection for focus stacking in digital photography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Focus stacking, or all-in-focus imaging, is a technique for achieving larger depth of field in an image by fusing images acquired at different focusing distances. Minimizing the set of images to fuse, while ensuring that the resulting fused image is all-in-focus, is important in order to avoid long image acquisition and post-processing times. Recently, an end-to-end system for focus stacking has been proposed that automatically selects images to acquire. The system is adaptive to the scene being imaged and shows excellent performance on a mobile device, where the lens has a short focal length and fixed aperture, and few images need to be selected. However, with longer focal lengths, variable apertures, and more selected images (as exists with other cameras, notably DSLRs), classification and algorithmic inaccuracies become apparent. In this paper, we propose improvements to previous work that remove these limitations, and show on eight real scenes that overall our techniques lead to improved accuracy while reducing the number of required images.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".