Quantum Machine Learning in Feature Hilbert Spaces
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Abstract
A basic idea of quantum computing is surprisingly similar to that of kernel methods in machine learning, namely, to efficiently perform computations in an intractably large Hilbert space. In this Letter we explore some theoretical foundations of this link and show how it opens up a new avenue for the design of quantum machine learning algorithms. We interpret the process of encoding inputs in a quantum state as a nonlinear feature map that maps data to quantum Hilbert space. A quantum computer can now analyze the input data in this feature space. Based on this link, we discuss two approaches for building a quantum model for classification. In the first approach, the quantum device estimates inner products of quantum states to compute a classically intractable kernel. The kernel can be fed into any classical kernel method such as a support vector machine. In the second approach, we use a variational quantum circuit as a linear model that classifies data explicitly in Hilbert space. We illustrate these ideas with a feature map based on squeezing in a continuous-variable system, and visualize the working principle with two-dimensional minibenchmark datasets.
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The record
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Topic
- Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Field
- Computer Science
- Canadian institutions
- Xanadu Quantum Technologies (Canada)
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- Hilbert spaceKernel (algebra)Computer scienceQuantum computerReproducing kernel Hilbert spaceQuantum machine learningQuantum stateFeature vectorKernel methodFeature (linguistics)Quantum algorithmQuantum informationPOVMSupport vector machineQuantum processAlgorithmQuantumTheoretical computer scienceArtificial intelligenceQuantum operationOpen quantum systemMathematicsQuantum mechanicsPhysicsQuantum dynamicsPure mathematics
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
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