Biology and Management of Root-Feeding Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North American Conifer Forests and Plantations
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Root-feeding beetles, including several species of Hylastes Erichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Hylurgops LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Hylobius Gemar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Pachylobius LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Pissodes Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Steremnius Schönherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have emerged as serious problems in conifer plantations and forests in the United States and Canada in recent decades. Root-feeding beetles are particularly associated with stressed, diseased, or injured trees. Emerging adults kill seedlings by girdling them at the root collar and kill older trees, at least in the North and West, by transmitting fungal root pathogens in the genus Leptographium Lagerberg & Melin (Ophiostomatales: Ophiostomataceae). In the South seedling, mortality can be as high as 60% for seedlings planted in winter following fall harvest. For stands harvested after 1 July, planting should be delayed a full year. Broadcast insecticides can be used, but dipping seedlings in 0.75% permethrin prior to planting and physical barriers to feeding have proven effective. However, an integrated pest management approach that emphasizes a combination of measures to minimize attraction of beetles and to maintain health of host trees is recommended. Shelterwood harvest and soil scarification can create site conditions that minimize attraction of root beetles. Precommercial thinning and prescribed fire are often used to reduce tree competition and reduce vulnerability to stem-colonizing bark beetles. However, root beetles are attracted to thinned or burned stands, for at least 6-7 mo. Therefore, thinning should be avoided in areas of high risk for root disease transmission or, when necessary, thinning should be implemented during June or July following beetle dispersal in May. Semiochemicals can be used to monitor abundances of root beetles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it