Rare Earth Element Distribution in the NE Atlantic: Evidence for Benthic Sources, Longevity of the Seawater Signal, and Biogeochemical Cycling
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seawater rare earth element (REE) concentrations are increasingly applied to reconstruct\n\nwater mass histories by exploiting relative changes in the distinctive normalised patterns.\n\nHowever, the mechanisms by which water masses gain their patterns are yet to be\n\nfully explained. To examine this, we collected water samples along the Extended Ellett\n\nLine (EEL), an oceanographic transect between Iceland and Scotland, and measured\n\ndissolved REE by offline automated chromatography (SeaFAST) and ICP-MS. The\n\nproximity to two continental boundaries, the incipient spring bloom coincident with the\n\ntiming of the cruise, and the importance of deep water circulation in this climatically\n\nsensitive gateway region make it an ideal location to investigate sources of REE to\n\nseawater and the effects of vertical cycling and lateral advection on their distribution. The\n\ndeep waters have REE concentrations closest to typical North Atlantic seawater and are\n\ndominated by lateral advection. Comparison to published seawater REE concentrations\n\nof the same water masses in other locations provides a first measure of the temporal\n\nand spatial stability of the seawater REE signal. We demonstrate the REE pattern is\n\nreplicated for Iceland-Scotland OverflowWater (ISOW) in the Iceland Basin from adjacent\n\nstations sampled 16 years previously. A recently published Labrador Sea Water (LSW)\n\ndissolved REE signal is reproduced in the Rockall Trough but shows greater light and\n\nmid REE alteration in the Iceland Basin, possibly due to the dominant effect of ISOW\n\nand/or continental inputs. An obvious concentration gradient from seafloor sediments to\n\nthe overlying water column in the Rockall Trough, but not the Iceland Basin, highlights\n\nrelease of light and mid REE from resuspended sediments and pore waters, possibly\n\na seasonal effect associated with the timing of the spring bloom in each basin. The\n\nEEL dissolved oxygen minimum at the permanent pycnocline corresponds to positive\n\nheavy REE enrichment, indicating maximum rates of organic matter remineralisation\n\nand associated REE release. We tentatively suggest a bacterial role to account for the\n\nobserved heavy REE deviations. This study highlights the need for fully constrained\n\nREE sources and sinks, including the temporary nature of some sources, to achieve\n\na balanced budget of seawater REE.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it