FUT2 secretor genotype and susceptibility to infections and chronic conditions in the ALSPAC cohort
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Background:</ns4:bold> The <ns4:italic>FUT2</ns4:italic> (fucosyltransferase-2) gene determines blood group secretor status. Being homozygous for the inactive “non-secretor” rs601338(A) allele confers resistance to certain infections (e.g. <ns4:italic>Norovirus</ns4:italic> , <ns4:italic>Rotavirus</ns4:italic> ) and susceptibility to others (e.g. <ns4:italic>Haemophilus influenza</ns4:italic> , <ns4:italic>Streptococcus pneumonia</ns4:italic> ). Non-secretors also have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. We examined <ns4:italic>FUT2</ns4:italic> genotype, infections and chronic conditions in a population-based cohort. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods:</ns4:bold> We studied 7,582 pregnant women from the ALSPAC pregnancy cohort. Infections (measles, mumps, chicken pox, whooping cough, meningitis, herpes, gonorrhea and urinary infections) and chronic conditions (kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism, arthritis, psoriasis, hay fever, asthma, eczema and allergies) were self-reported. <ns4:italic>FUT2</ns4:italic> secretor status was determined from the rs601338 genotype. ABO blood type was obtained from clinical records. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Results:</ns4:bold> Overall, 1920 women (25.3%) were homozygous for the non-secretor allele (AA). Secretor status was associated with mumps, with 68% of non-secretors experiencing this infection, compared to 48% of secretors (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.34–1.46). A weaker association was observed for measles infection (76% vs. 72%; RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.09). Non-secretors also experienced an increased risk of kidney disease (5.4% vs. 3.9%; RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11–1.75). Independent of secretor status, AB blood type was a risk factor for mumps (RR 1.15; 95%CI, 1.03, 1.28 compared to type O). We found no evidence of interaction between secretor status and blood type. For some conditions, including asthma and arthritis, <ns4:italic>FUT2</ns4:italic> heterozygosity (GA) appeared to confer an intermediate phenotype. There was no strong evidence of association between secretor status and other infections or chronic conditions, although statistical power was limited for rare outcomes. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusion:</ns4:bold> Our results identify an association between <ns4:italic>FUT2</ns4:italic> secretor status and self-reported kidney disease, and confirm a recently reported association with susceptibility to mumps infection. The clinical implications of these associations warrant further investigation. </ns4:p>
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it