Protective roles of estradiol against vascular oxidative stress in ovariectomized female rats exposed to normoxia or intermittent hypoxia
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim We tested the hypothesis that estradiol (E 2 ) reduces aortic oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized ( OVX ) female rats exposed to room air ( RA ) or chronic intermittent hypoxia ( CIH ). Methods We used intact or OVX female rats treated with vehicle or E 2 (0.5 mg/kg/d) and exposed to RA or CIH (21%‐10% O 2 , 10 cycles/h, 8 h/d) for 7 or 35 days, and measured the arterial pressure, heart rate and plasma endothelin‐1 levels. We also measured in thoracic aortic samples, the activities of the pro‐oxidant enzymes NADPH ( NOX ) and xanthine oxidase ( XO ), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the advanced oxidation protein products ( AOPP —oxidative stress marker). Finally, we used aortic rings to assess the contractile response to phenylephrine and the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine. Results After 7 or 35 days of CIH , E 2 supplementation reduced arterial pressure. E 2 reduced plasma endothelin‐1 levels after 7 days of CIH , but not after 35 days. Ovariectomy, but not CIH for 7 days, increased aortic oxidative stress and E 2 treatment prevented this effect. Remarkably, in animals exposed to RA , this was achieved by a reduction in NOX and XO activities, but in animals exposed to CIH this was achieved by increased catalase activity. In OVX female rats exposed to CIH for 7 days, E 2 supplementation improved the NO ‐mediated vasodilation. After 35 days of CIH , enzymatic activities, AOPP and aortic reactivity were similar in all groups. Conclusion E 2 ‐based therapy could help prevent the vascular consequences of CIH in apneic women.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it