Relict Topography Within the Hangay Mountains in Central Mongolia: Quantifying Long‐Term Exhumation and Relief Change in an Old Landscape
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Hangay Mountains are a high‐elevation, low‐relief landscape within the greater Mongolian Plateau of central Asia. New bedrock apatite (U‐Th)/He single‐grain ages from the Hangay span ~70 to 200 Ma, with a mean of 122.7 ± 24.0 Ma (2σ). Detrital apatite samples from the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers, north of the mountains, yield dominant (U‐Th)/He age populations of ~115 to 130 Ma, as well as an older population not seen in the Hangay granitic bedrock data. These low‐temperature data record regional exhumation of central Mongolia in the Mesozoic followed by limited erosion of <1–2 km since the Cretaceous, ruling out rapid exhumation of this magnitude associated with any late Cenozoic uplift. Apatite (U‐Th)/He age elevation patterns suggest long‐term thermal stability of the upper crust and thermal model inversions require late Mesozoic uplift, spatially variable exhumation, and/or relief evolution to produce the observed cooling ages in the Hangay. Regionally, modeling suggests reduction of topography in the Jurassic followed by relief growth that was completed by the mid‐Cretaceous. These results support Mesozoic topographic evolution and relative stability of the landscape throughout the Cenozoic with very little subsequent exhumation. Alpine cirques and intact moraines are indicative of more recent, modest climate‐driven erosion in the higher peaks of the western Hangay. These data reinforce the notion that in the absence of strong tectonic or climate forcing, erosion is limited and remnant landscapes can persist over tens to hundreds of millions of years in a state of disequilibrium.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it