Surface Rupture Morphology and Vertical Slip Distribution of the 1959<b><i>M</i></b><sub><b><i>w</i></b></sub>7.2 Hebgen Lake (Montana) Earthquake From Airborne Lidar Topography
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- none
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: ObservationalConsensus signal: Observational
- Genre
- Candidate signal: EmpiricalConsensus signal: Empirical
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.157
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 0.679
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.249 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
Abstract The 1959 M w ∼7.2 Hebgen Lake earthquake is among the largest continental normal faulting events recorded, as well as one of the earliest associated with a multifault rupture. Multimeter vertical slip was observed on three main, morphologically distinct strands: the Hebgen fault and southeastern section of the Red Canyon fault, which both follow sharp topographic rangefronts, and the Red Canyon fault Kirkwood Ridge section, which cuts steep topography in the footwall of the Hebgen fault. We augment early field, seismological, and geodetic studies by investigating the modern surface rupture using newly acquired airborne lidar topography. By estimating throw from scarp profiling of the ∼36.5 km primary surface rupture, we show both that peak 1959 slip occurred at a structurally mature part of the fault and that many 1959 slip minima are associated with clear structural complexities. Vertical slip often substantially exceeds throw measured at the fault free face immediately after the earthquake; the scarps do not conclusively express beveled forms characteristic of repeated slip and degredation, yet must in places capture both the 1959 earthquake (for which we estimate an average throw of 2.64 m) and one or two preceding latest Pleistocene–Holocene events known from trenching. This has wider, cautionary implications for interpreting paleo‐earthquake chronologies and deriving magnitudes from morphologically simple scarps. By comparing 1959‐only and multievent vertical displacement populations, and considering preliminary paleoseismic data, we suggest that large surface‐rupturing earthquakes on the Hebgen and Red Canyon faults involve highly variable slip distributions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth
- Topic
- earthquake and tectonic studies
- Field
- Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Canadian institutions
- University of Victoria
- Funders
- Division of Earth SciencesNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaSouthern California Earthquake CenterNational Science Foundation
- Keywords
- Fault scarpGeologyCanyonSlip (aerodynamics)SeismologyFault (geology)EscarpmentGeodetic datumSurface rupturePaleoseismologyGeodesyGeomorphology
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes