ExperimentalCharacterization of Frost Growth on a Horizontal Plate Under NaturalConvection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents an experimental study on frost formation on a plate under natural convection conditions. Frost thickness, mass, density, and surface roughness are measured during each test. Frost thickness and roughness are measured using an image processing technique. The effect of operating conditions (temperature of the plate, and temperature and relative humidity of the air) on the properties of frost is investigated. Frost surface roughness is quantified using two parameters: the average roughness and the skewness of the roughness, which can describe the frost layer shape. The surface roughness of the frost layer is considerably higher than the roughness of a flat plate, which should be considered in frosting studies. In this paper, it is shown that frost surface roughness is related to the frost layer shape, porosity and density. It is also found that the plate temperature affects the frost surface roughness significantly; as the plate temperature decreases, the frost layer has a high average roughness and negative skewness, which correspond to a highly porous, low density frost layer. Increasing the air humidity and air temperature affects the average surface roughness slightly but not skewness of the frost surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".