Screening for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Comparative Performance of the EQ-5D-5L and SF-12v2
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the performance of EQ-5D-5L (EuroQol Five-Dimension, Five-Level Questionnaire) and SF-12-v2 (12-item Medical Outcomes Health Survey–Short Form, Version 2) in screening for anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Cross-sectional data from a population-based study of type 2 diabetes in Alberta, Canada, were used. Anxiety symptoms (using the 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire) were categorized into absent (<3) versus present (≥3). Depressive symptoms (using the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire) were categorized according to two severity cut-points: absent (<10) versus mild (≥10), and absent (<15) versus moderate-severe (≥15). The performance of the measures in screening for anxiety and depressive symptoms was evaluated using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. Results. Average age of participants ( N = 1,391) was 66.8 years (SD 10.2), and 47% were female. Seventeen percent of participants screened positive for mild and 5.9% for moderate-severe depressive symptoms, and 11.3% for anxiety symptoms. For comorbid symptoms, 8.6% screened positive for anxiety and any depressive symptoms, and 4.6% for anxiety and moderate-severe depressive symptoms. The EQ-5D-5L anxiety/depression dimension and the SF-12 mental composite summary score had the best performance in screening for anxiety (area under ROC: 0.89, 0.89, respectively), depressive symptoms (any: 0.88, 0.92; moderate-severe: 0.90, 0.90), and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms (any: 0.92, 0.91; moderate-severe: 0.92, 0.90). These were followed by SF-12 feeling downhearted/depressed item (range = 0.83–0.85), while the lowest performance was for the EQ-5D-5L index score (0.80–0.84) and the SF-12 mental health domain (0.81–0.82). Conclusion. The EQ-5D-5L and the SF-12 are suitable tools for screening for anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes. These tools present a unique opportunity for a standardized approach for routine mental health screening within the context of routine outcome measurement initiatives, where screening is recommended.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it