Deep Saliency With Channel-Wise Hierarchical Feature Responses for Traffic Sign Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traffic sign detection is challenging in cases of a complex background, occlusions, distortions, and so on. To overcome the above-mentioned challenges, this paper pays close attention to channel-wise feature responses to propose an end-to-end deep learning-based saliency traffic sign detection method. Our model contains three main components: channel-wise coarse feature extraction (CCFE), channel-wise hierarchical feature refinement (CHFR), and hierarchical feature map fusion (HFMF). In addition, it is based on the squeeze-and-excitation-residual network to explicitly model the inter dependences between the channels of its convolution features at a slight computational cost. We first apply CCFE to produce coarse feature maps with much information loss. To make full use of spatial information and fine details, CHFR is executed to refine hierarchical features. After that, HFMF is used to fuse hierarchical feature maps to generate the final traffic sign saliency map. Compared with other five traffic sign detection methods, the experimental results demonstrate the efficiency (a real-time speed) and superior performance of the proposed method according to comprehensive evaluations over three benchmark data sets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".