Shifting Attitudes: Torontonians and Their Response to the Great War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There exists little historical scholarship on Toronto during the First World War, or the impact of the war on its citizens. An examination of various tensions and oppositional activities in Toronto during the war complicates current interpretations of a 'united front' in the city. While the City of Toronto was 'united' in the sense that the majority of Torontonians supported the war effort in theory, between 1914 and 1918 there were serious debates and disagreements along various dividing lines regarding what support for the war constituted and required. The focus on homogeneity within the literature has resulted in a lack of analysis of the marginalized groups within the city, as well as the divides that existed within the British-Protestant community itself. The story of Toronto during the war is one of perceived unity, but in reality the city was rife with extensive divisions along national, ethnic, gendered, and religious lines. Far from uniting the city, the war brought forth long held tensions and xenophobia to the surface, resulting in violence in the streets of Toronto.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".