Impact of Approximate Multipliers on VGG Deep Learning Network
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the applicability of using approximate multipliers to enhance the performance of the VGGNet deep learning network. Approximate multipliers are known to have reduced power, area, and delay with the cost of an inaccuracy in output. Improving the performance of the VGGNet in terms of power, area, and speed can be achieved by replacing exact multipliers with approximate multipliers as demonstrated in this paper. The simulation results show that approximate multiplication has a very little impact on the accuracy of VGGNet. However, using approximate multipliers can achieve significant performance gains. The simulation was completed using different generated error matrices that mimic the inaccuracy that approximate multipliers introduce to the data. The impact of various ranges of the mean relative error and the standard deviation was tested. The well-known data sets CIFAR-10 and CIFAR100 were used for testing the network's classification accuracy. The impact on the accuracy was assessed by simulating approximate multiplication in all the layers in the first set of tests, and in selective layers in the second set of tests. Using approximate multipliers in all the layers leads to very little impact on the network's accuracy. In addition, an alternative approach is to use a hybrid of exact and approximate multipliers. In the hybrid approach, 39.14% of the deeper layer's multiplications can be approximate while having a reduced negligible impact on the network's accuracy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it