Children's Spelling of English Inflectional Morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Additional studies sine this initial exploratory work have replicated Read&s;s (1975) and Beers and Henderson&s;s (1977) findings. Studies have been conducted with Canadian French (Gill, 1979) and Spanish-speaking children (Temple, 1980) as well as with children in various regions in the states. Other studies have explored the influence of instruction and grade level (Beers, Beers, & Grant, 1977), dialect (Stever, 1980), and cognitive abilities (c. Beers, 1980; Zutell, 1980) on children&s;s spelling of English vowels. A summary review of this research has led to several conclusions: (I) The spelling errors that children make as they write are not random errors; (2) There are indeed identifiable stages of orthographic awareness through which children pass as they become more proficient in their writing; and (3) Children proceed through these stages at varying rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".