Memory Requirements for Convolutional Neural Network Hardware Accelerators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid pace and successful application of machine learning research and development has seen widespread deployment of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Alongside these algorithmic efforts, the compute- and memory-intensive nature of CNNs has stimulated a large amount of work in the field of hardware acceleration for these networks. In this paper, we profile the memory requirements of CNNs in terms of both on-chip memory size and off-chip memory bandwidth, in order to understand the impact of the memory system on accelerator design. We show that there are fundamental tradeoffs between performance, bandwidth, and on-chip memory. Further, this paper explores how the wide variety of CNNs for different application domains each have fundamentally different characteristics. We show that bandwidth and memory requirements for different networks, and occasionally for different layers within a network, can each vary by multiple orders of magnitude. This makes designing fast and efficient hardware for all CNN applications difficult. To remedy this, we outline heuristic design points that attempt to optimize for select dataflow scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".