Prenatal Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Levels and Behavior at School Age in Mexican Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies suggest that prenatal low molecular weight phthalate (LMWP) exposure affects neurodevelopment and behavior during the first years of life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of prenatal LMWP exposure on behavioral domains in children at 6-11 years of age. Methods: In 198 participants in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) birth cohort, third trimester maternal urine samples were analyzed for Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and summed as LMWP. When children were 6-11 years of age, mothers completed the parent-report form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). T-scores age-standardized for aggression, attention and conduct problems domains were used as outcomes. Linear regression models estimated the relationship between each phthalate and LMWP with T-scores, adjusting for urinary specific gravity, maternal education and child sex. Analyses were also conducted using tertiles of LMWP and stratifying by sex. Results: Individual phthalates were not associated with any of the three behavioral domains. The sum of LMWP measure was associated with attention problems in boys, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in prenatal sum of LMWP was positively associated with a 4.6% (95% CI: 0.33-8.9%) increase in attention problems; boys in the highest LMWP tertile had a T-scores 5.5 higher than those in the lowest tertile. There was no significant association in girls. Conclusions: Results are consistent with previous studies that document the endocrine disrupting effect of phthalate prenatal exposure and suggest effects remain at school age in boys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".