Occurrence and speciation of disinfection by-products in water and air of indoor swimming pools in the province of Quebec (Canada)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Swimming pools’ workers are exposed to potentially high levels of water and air disinfection by-products (DBP) which actual health impacts (e.g., irritation, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity) are still unclear. In the course of a project intended to assess occupational exposure to these contaminants, we conducted a study aimed to measure both typical and emerging DBPs in 41 indoor pools (14 in Quebec City and 27 in Montreal). Each pool was visited once, usually during the times of public swim. They were investigated for i): water levelsof 6 Haloacetic acids (HAAs), 4 Trihalomethanes (THMs), 4 Haloacetonitriles (HANs), Chloropicrine (CPK), 2 Haloketones (HKs), and ii) air levels of Chloramines (CAM) and THMs. Overall, nearly 900 samples and 3500 analyses were carried out for this study. Water emerging DPBs, including HANs, CPK and HKs, were found in substantial levels compared to their concentrations into drinking water network, especially HANs which were approximately 10-times higher (mean±SD: 21.4±13.9µg/L). HAAs showed the highest levels (295±157µg/L), which is consistent with previously reported high accumulation of these non-volatile compounds in pool waters. While chloroform (TCM) is usually the most abundant THM in both water (37.9±25.7µg/L) and air (119.4±74.2µg/m3), we measured important levels of brominated THMs in both media in 18 swimming pools. Interestingly, in 9 of these swimming pools, the brominated THM levels were even predominant (75.7±23.0µg/L in water and 223.7±101.8µg/m3 in air). Air CAM levels vary highly between each pool (0.23±0.14µg/m3). Preliminary statistical analyses disclosed relatively good correlations between air and water levels for TCM (R= 0.66) and THMs (R= 0.60). This study will be followed in next months by a second campaign to assess worker’s exposure through biological exposure monitoring. [Supported by IRSST, Québec]
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it