Powdery mildew caused by <i>Golovinomyces spadiceus</i> on wild sunflower in Sinaloa, Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wild sunflower is a common weed that grows among agricultural crops in many parts of the world, where it is both highly invasive and competitive and can serve as a reservoir for plant pathogens. Recently, signs of powdery mildew (PM) were observed on wild sunflower plants in Sinaloa, Mexico. The aim of this study was to identify the causal agent based on morphology and molecular techniques, and to determine pathogenicity on sunflower plants. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region grouped the sequences within lineage III of the genus Golovinomyces, which comprises pathogenic species of the plant tribe Heliantheae of Asteraceae. However, within this lineage, the three species belonging to this group: G. circumfusus, G. ambrosiae and G. spadiceus, cannot be differentiated based on the ITS region due to their close phylogenetic relationship. Morphometric analyses, particularly conidium size and germ tube morphology, confirmed the identity of the fungus infecting wild sunflowers as G. spadiceus. Inoculation tests under greenhouse conditions confirmed the pathogenicity of G. spadiceus in wild sunflower and in the commercial sunflower hybrid SYN3950HO. Signs of powdery mildew displayed on sunflower were similar to those observed under field conditions and in two independent inoculation tests. Our results confirm that wild sunflower is a potential source of G. spadiceus inoculum for commercial sunflower during the autumn–winter growing season.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".