Factors affecting the electrical resistivity of kraft recovery boiler precipitator ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrical resistivity of ash particles is an important parameter that determines the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators. This systematic study examines the resistivity of recovery boiler precipitator ash as a function of electrical field strength, time of exposure, particle composition, and gas composition and temperature. Synthetic ash and actual ash samples from several pulp mills are used. The results show that most ash samples tested had a resistivity between 109 and 1010 Ω·cm, but one of the samples had an unusually high resistivity, 1012 Ω·cm. The resistivity increases with temperature up to about 140°C, then decreases. At a given temperature, the resistivity decreases with increasing moisture and sulfur dioxide concentration in the gas. Resistivity also increases with an increase in chloride content in the ash, but is not affected by the carbonate, sulfate, and potassium contents. The results imply that recovery boilers burning liquors with high solids and high chloride contents produce ash with higher resistivity, making it more difficult for electrostatic precipitators to capture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".