Respiratory rates observed over 15 and 30 s compared with rates measured over 60 s: practice-based evidence from an observational study of acutely ill adult medical patients during hospital admission
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Respiratory rate is often measured over a period shorter than 1 min and then multiplied to produce a rate per minute. There are few reports of the performance of such estimates compared with rates measured over a full minute. AIM: Compare performance of respiratory rates calculated from 15 and 30 s of observations with measurements over 1 min. DESIGN: A prospective single center observational study. METHODS: The respiratory rates calculated from observations for 15 and 30 s were compared with simultaneous respiratory rates measured for a full minute on acutely ill medical patients during their admission to a resource poor hospital in sub-Saharan Africa using a novel respiratory rate tap counting software app. RESULTS: There were 770 respiratory rates recorded on 321 patients while they were in the hospital. The bias (limits of agreement) between the rate derived from 15 s of observations and the full minute was -1.22 breaths per minute (bpm) (-7.16 to 4.72 bpm), and between the rate derived from 30 s and the full minute was -0.46 bpm (-3.89 to 2.97 bpm). Rates observed over 1 min that scored 3 National Early Warning Score points were not identified by half the rates derived from 15 s and a quarter of the rates derived from 30 s. CONCLUSION: Practice-based evidence shows that abnormal respiratory rates are more reliably detected with measurements made over a full minute, and respiratory rate measurement 'short-cuts' often fail to identify sick patients.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it