RETRACTED: Identification of Nrf2/STAT3 axis in induction of apoptosis through sub‐G<sub>1</sub> cell cycle arrest mechanism in HT‐29 colon cancer cells
Post-publication record
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement; it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the role of stattic as an adjuvant molecule to increase the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) through specific inhibition of molecular targets, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects were investigated by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to assess the messenger RNA (mRNA) level of STAT3, Nrf2, and apoptotic genes including Bax, Bcl-xl, and Bcl-2. The antitumor effect of 5-FU in combination with stattic induced synergistic effect in HT-29 cells with combination indexes (CIs) 0.49. Flow cytometric results related to apoptotic confirmed that there was up to 40% increase in the population of apoptotic cells in HT-29 colon cancer cells incubated with 5-FU and stattic compared with control groups. Our data from gene expression determined a substantial diminish in the mRNA levels of the Nrf2 and antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 along with a noticeable increase in the level of the proapoptotic Bax in HT-29 colon cells that underwent cotreatment with 5-FU and stattic (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results exhibited that stattic can be used as adjuvant chemotherapy besides the 5-FU. This therapeutic approach in colon cancer could mediate 5-FU chemoresistance via modulating therapeutic targets (ie, STAT3 and Nrf2 pathways) and decreased 5-FU-related adverse effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".