Control of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) by gamma radiation

Worldwide the loss of stored grain is a problem of economic order in importance, in view of the concern of the increased supply of food for a world population increasingly expanding. Associated with this fact, there is the problem of nutritional deficiency due to lack of protein, especially for the less privileged populations in the resources of a country. This lack could be met by adequate supply of grain produced, requiring for it, a s ystem that provides optimum grain storage conditions in securing the quality until the time of consumption. The use of radiation in stored grain can solve the problem of the losses in these products, as not induce resistance of insects and leaves no toxic residue to the consumer, being considered an effective and safe method Promising results were obtained only by Runner, (1916) that used X-rays to control Lasioderma serricorne, tobacco plague stored. From 1950 there was a major breakthrough in this type of research. Some factors such as the discovery of resistance to certain pests to chemicals, biological imbalance and toxicological problems caused by these products, contributed to this advance. Irradiation of the stored products can solve these types of problems, since it does not induce the emergence of resistance nor residues Some control measures are adopted to solve the damage and losses caused by insects such as good storage practices, monitoring of pests and chemical treatment, this in turn end up causing some damage, besides the resistance of insects to the active ingredients used in composition of chemicals, and because of these problems, there is a need for more effective methods of control at low cost. Irradiation by numerous factors has been showed as the best solution to control pests Others authors studied the gamma radiation effects in various species and phases. In Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), in prelarvae and pupae occur 100% of mortality in larvae at dose of 160 Gy, while pupae were fully killed under dose of 320 Gy (Huqueand Khan, 1969, Ruapongas, 1966). To other pests Nair and Subramanyan, (1963) founded in Tribolium. castaneum, doses ranging from 20 to 50 Gy that decreased the fertility adults. Research on this subject has been increasingly pronounced, thus, in order to clarify the advantages of this method and the benefits it provides in raising food for the population, being that recent years has been given greater attention by governments and private companies. The disinfestation of grain consists of a physical control method, inhibiting reproduction of insects or even killing him. However, for such control is of prime importance to know the lethal doses of ionizing radiation for the different stages of the life cycle of the pest, as the radiosensitivity varies according to several factors, including the stage of development The postharvest in phytosanitary irradiation is growing in commercial application and offers some advantages compared with other treatments for the control of quarantine pests on exported commodities. The Irradiation takes less time than fumigation and leaves no undesirable residues, while being at least as effective as any other existing method insect and mite control. Also, while the development of resistance to insecticides and acaricides is a growing problem, resistance to irradiation has never arisen in arthropods (Tilton and Burditt, 1983, Byrne, 1996). The use of methyl bromide as a fumigant to protect commodities is being eliminated; indeed the 1997 Montreal Protocol Agreement stipulated that methyl bromide usage would be completely phased out by 2005 in developed countries and by 2015 in developing countries (UNEP 2009). Nevertheless, certain uses of methyl bromide are exempt from phase-out, and these include the strictly regulated quarantine and pre shipment applications Arthur et al., (1994) irradiated adults of Sitophilus granarius in wheat grains at doses of 50 to 150 Gy. The authors concluded that there was a significant reduction in the longevity of irradiated adults and absence of insects emerged from the dose of 60 Gy. Remember that a sterile population is an extinct population since there is no introduction of new fertile individuals, therefore mass of grain will be protected and this method of quarantine protection against S. granarius is feasible and recommendable. Arthur, (1974) also irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation, pupae of Tribolium castaneum aged from 1 to 5 days and concluded that the lethal dose was 46 krad and the sterilizing of 15 krad. The authors concluded that the dose of

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