The Effect of Calcium Formate, Sodium Sulfate, and Cement Clinker on Engineering Properties of Fly Ash-Based Cemented Tailings Backfill
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of admixtures on the engineering properties of fly ash-based cemented tailings backfill (CTB) is a topic of significant practical interest, as it affects the backfilling cost and the environmental effect of mining operation. This paper presents results of an experimental study on the influence of different activators on the engineering properties of the CTB containing fly ash. CTB samples are mixed with different contents of calcium formate, sodium sulfate, and cement clinker (4%, 8%, and 12% by mass of total binder) and cured in a cubic chamber (at 20°C and RH 90 ± 5%) for 3, 7, and 28 days. Specimen tests were performed to assess the slump height, setting time, leaching water rate, vertical settlement, and strength development. Furthermore, the XRD analyses were conducted on the hydration products of fly ash-based CTB mixtures. The results show that activators can cause decrease in the slump height, leaching water rate, and vertical settlement of fly ash-based CTB mixtures. However, inclusion of cement clinker ranging from 8%–12% of total binder can reduce the slump height, setting time, leaching water rate, and vertical settlement to an acceptable range. Addition of calcium formate in the fly ash-based CTB caused negligible change in compressive strength. The compressive strength improved with higher content of sodium sulfate and cement clinker at the age of 28 days. XRD analyses showed considerable intensity counts of C-S-H gel, calcium hydroxide, and ettringite, resulting from the addition of sodium sulfate and cement clinker. This study also shows that an understanding of the effect of activators on the engineering properties of fly ash-based CTB is crucial for designing a cost-effective and workable CTB with reduced environmental impact.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it