Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Neuroimaging studies show structural alterations of various brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although nonreplications are frequent. The authors sought to identify cortical characteristics related to ADHD using large-scale studies. METHODS: Cortical thickness and surface area (based on the Desikan-Killiany atlas) were compared between case subjects with ADHD (N=2,246) and control subjects (N=1,934) for children, adolescents, and adults separately in ENIGMA-ADHD, a consortium of 36 centers. To assess familial effects on cortical measures, case subjects, unaffected siblings, and control subjects in the NeuroIMAGE study (N=506) were compared. Associations of the attention scale from the Child Behavior Checklist with cortical measures were determined in a pediatric population sample (Generation-R, N=2,707). RESULTS: In the ENIGMA-ADHD sample, lower surface area values were found in children with ADHD, mainly in frontal, cingulate, and temporal regions; the largest significant effect was for total surface area (Cohen's d=-0.21). Fusiform gyrus and temporal pole cortical thickness was also lower in children with ADHD. Neither surface area nor thickness differences were found in the adolescent or adult groups. Familial effects were seen for surface area in several regions. In an overlapping set of regions, surface area, but not thickness, was associated with attention problems in the Generation-R sample. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle differences in cortical surface area are widespread in children but not adolescents and adults with ADHD, confirming involvement of the frontal cortex and highlighting regions deserving further attention. Notably, the alterations behave like endophenotypes in families and are linked to ADHD symptoms in the population, extending evidence that ADHD behaves as a continuous trait in the population. Future longitudinal studies should clarify individual lifespan trajectories that lead to nonsignificant findings in adolescent and adult groups despite the presence of an ADHD diagnosis.
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The record
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Topic
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- —
- Funders
- CilagNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Center for Research ResourcesNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institute of Mental HealthMelbourne School of Psychological SciencesUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaCollege of Medicine, University of CincinnatiUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignMedical Research CouncilServierOregon Clinical and Translational Research InstituteUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of California, San FranciscoHaukeland UniversitetssjukehusJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgOtsuka PharmaceuticalRadboud Universitair Medisch CentrumUniversidade de São PauloUniversitair Medisch Centrum GroningenUniversitetet i BergenStavros Niarchos FoundationUniversitat de ValènciaAccareDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekGeneralitat de CatalunyaUniversitair Medisch Centrum UtrechtZonMwMurdoch Children's Research InstituteEuropean CommissionUniversitat de BarcelonaKing's College LondonSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungYork UniversityUniversity of CincinnatiAmsterdam University Medical CentersNational Institutes of HealthAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryChildren's Hospital FoundationNational Institute on Drug AbuseShireChildren’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research InstituteUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of California, San DiegoJohns Hopkins UniversityMcGill UniversityBrandeis UniversityEuropean College of NeuropsychopharmacologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamUniversity of OxfordFlorida International UniversityOhio State UniversityNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaAutism SpeaksVirginia Commonwealth UniversityIntellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research CenterCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterNational Health and Medical Research CouncilLeon Levy FoundationRWTH Aachen UniversityEli Lilly and CompanyRadboud UniversiteitNational Institute of Nursing ResearchInstituto D'Or de Pesquisa e EnsinoU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of JusticeNational Science FoundationOregon Health and Science UniversityYale UniversityMassachusetts General HospitalRijksuniversiteit GroningenUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchRoyal Children's Hospital FoundationH. Lundbeck A/SHealth Research BoardMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeUniversität ZürichSunovion
- Keywords
- NeuroscienceCortex (anatomy)PsychologyPopulationScale (ratio)NeuroimagingMedicineCartographyGeographyEnvironmental health
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes