<i>Hukou</i>, marriage, and access to wealth in Shanghai
Bibliographic record
Abstract
About two-fifths of the population in Shanghai, the largest city in China, are migrants. In order to live in Shanghai permanently, many migrants strive to gain Shanghai hukou because of its close connection to easier access to jobs, schools, social welfare, and other opportunities in Shanghai. In this paper, we use newly available data from the 2013 Fudan Yangtze River Delta Social Transformation Survey. This survey sampled Shanghai residents born in the 1980s, regardless of hukou status. We evaluate how young migrants’ original hukou type and locale as well as individual and family characteristics are associated with gaining Shanghai hukou, and explore how Shanghai hukou is related to home ownership, car ownership, and income. The analyses reveal that migrants with great resources tend to gain Shanghai hukou, which, in turn, leads to greater access to home ownership; hukou plays a weaker but important role in car ownership and income. Our study indicates that Shanghai hukou is beyond the reach of poor and less-educated migrants and remains a powerful engine of social inequality in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".