Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on Ruthenium
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ruthenium is a good catalyst for ammonia synthesis in the Haber–Bosch process and a promising electrocatalyst for electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR). However, the NRR pathway on Ru is unclear because of the lack of information on reaction intermediates. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with electrochemical measurements is employed to study the NRR mechanisms on Ru thin film. During the nitrogen reduction, the *N2Hx (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) was detected with the band of N=N stretching (∼1940 cm–1) at potentials below 0.2 V in an N2-satureated HClO4 solution. The coverage of *N2Hx on the Ru surface was significantly increased with the potential decreasing from 0.2 to −0.4 V. The formed *N2Hx species could be oxidized at potentials higher than −0.1 V. In an N2-satureated KOH solution, no N-related infrared absorption band was observed on Ru surfaces, indicating that the adsorption of nitrogen molecules on Ru surfaces is very weak.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it