Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on Ruthenium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ruthenium is a good catalyst for ammonia synthesis in the Haber–Bosch process and a promising electrocatalyst for electrochemical N 2 reduction reaction (NRR). However, the NRR pathway on Ru is unclear because of the lack of information on reaction intermediates. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with electrochemical measurements is employed to study the NRR mechanisms on Ru thin film. During the nitrogen reduction, the *N 2 H x (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) was detected with the band of N=N stretching (∼1940 cm –1 ) at potentials below 0.2 V in an N 2 -satureated HClO 4 solution. The coverage of *N 2 H x on the Ru surface was significantly increased with the potential decreasing from 0.2 to −0.4 V. The formed *N 2 H x species could be oxidized at potentials higher than −0.1 V. In an N 2 -satureated KOH solution, no N-related infrared absorption band was observed on Ru surfaces, indicating that the adsorption of nitrogen molecules on Ru surfaces is very weak.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".