A Machine Learning Application for Latency Prediction in Operational 4G Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measuring performance on Internet is always challenging. When it comes to the mobile networks, the variety of technology characteristics coupled with the opaque network configuration make the performance evaluation even a more difficult task. Latency is one of the aspects having the largest impact on the performance and on the end users’ Quality of Experience. In this paper, we present a machine learning approach that, exploiting real mobile network data on the end user, try to predict the latency in a real operational network. We consider a large-scale dataset with more than 238 million latency measurements coming from 3 different commercial mobile operators. The presented methodology flattens the RTT values into several bins, turning the latency prediction problem to a multi-label classification problem. Then, three well-known supervised algorithms are exploited to predict the latency. The obtained results highlight the importance of representative dataset from operational network. It calls for further improvements on the algorithm selection, tuning, and their predictive capabilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".