Neural Network Based Spectrum Prediction in Land Mobile Radio Bands for IoT deployments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: We seek to assess the performance of time delay neural networks (TDNN), one of the topologies designed for time series prediction, to characterize spectrum occupancy in multiple time horizons in Land Mobile Radio bands. This could lead to dynamic spectrum allocation methods to address potential spectrum shortages facing Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. Background: ANNs are a popular choice for spectrum prediction. Traditionally, ARIMA models have been at the forefront of forecasting and prediction but ANNs that learn from time series have demonstrated good performance using both simulated datasets and real-life data collected in the cellular bands. Methodology: We use three prediction models, a baseline which simply delays the time series, a seasonal ARIMA model and a TDNN. We test their performance on an hourly dataset in LMR bands collected in Ottawa, Canada between the dates of October 2016 and April 2017. Results: We demonstrate that TDNN yields improvements over seasonal ARIMA models in predicting short time horizons. Conclusions: The TDNN based prediction models that are designed to work with time series data provide a better alternative for accurately predicting spectrum occupancy in bands that exhibit similar characteristics to LMR channels, especially as the forecast horizon gets longer.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".