Micrometeorological determinants of pedestrian thermal exposure during record-breaking heat in Tempe, Arizona: Introducing the MaRTy observational platform
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the first set of urban micrometeorological measurements for assessment of pedestrian thermal exposure during extreme heat in a dry climate. Hourly measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed and six-directional shortwave and longwave radiation were recorded with a mobile human-biometeorological station ( MaRTy ) from 10:00 to 21:00 local time, June 19, 2016, at 22 sites that include diverse microscale urban land cover . Sky view factor (SVF) and 360° pervious and impervious view factors for each location were calculated from six-directional fisheye photographs. Mean radiant temperature ( T MRT ) was determined using the six-directional method. Three-dimensional radiation budgets were decomposed into directional weighted shortwave and longwave radiation components to create a distinct T MRT profile for each site and determine the main drivers of T MRT and thermal exposure. Air temperature peaked locally at 48.5 °C, with a maximum T MRT of 76.4 °C at 15:00 MST in an east-west building canyon. Longwave radiation measured by laterally-oriented sensors dominated the T MRT budget, suggesting the importance of cooling vertical surfaces adjacent to pedestrians. Lateral shortwave radiation contributions were most spatially and temporally variable across T MRT profiles, reflecting the diverse shade conditions. The largest radiation fluxes contributing to T MRT were particularly sensitive to shade and secondarily to ground cover. Trees reduced afternoon T MRT up to 33.4 °C but exhibited a clear T MRT increase of up to 5 °C after sunset; during daytime, trees generated ground cover-dependent longwave radiant cooling or warming. Replacement of impervious with pervious ground cover cooled T MRT at all measurement times, even under dense tree shade. While recent work has found that adaptation cannot offset projected urban air temperature increases, outdoor thermal exposure depends on additional micrometeorological variables, including shortwave and longwave radiation, indicating the need and the opportunity to create pedestrian spaces that are radiantly cool within the context of future urban heat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".