IL‐2 modulates Th2 cell responses to glucocorticosteroid: A cause of persistent type 2 inflammation?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glucocorticosteroids (GCs) are the main treatment for asthma as they reduce type 2 cytokine expression and induce apoptosis. Asthma severity is associated with type 2 inflammation, circulating Th2 cells and higher GC requirements. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess whether ex vivo production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T-cell survival factor, associated with clinical features of asthma severity, the proportion of blood Th2 cells and Th2 cell responses to GC. METHODS: Peripheral blood from asthma patients (n = 18) was obtained and the proportion of Th2 cells determined by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood cells were activated with mitogen (24 hours) and supernatant levels of IL-2 and IL-13 measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro differentiated Th2 cells were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and IL-2 and assessed for apoptosis by flow cytometry (annexin V). Level of messenger RNA (mRNA) for antiapoptotic (BCL-2) and proapoptotic (BIM) genes, IL-13, GC receptor (GR) and FKBP5 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. GR binding was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: IL-2 produced by activated peripheral blood cells correlated negatively with lung function and positively with a daily dose of inhaled GC. When patients were stratified based on IL-2 level, high IL-2 producers made more IL-13 and had a higher proportion of circulating Th2 cells. In vitro, increasing the level of IL-2 in the culture media was associated with resistance to DEX-induced apoptosis, with more BCL-2/less BIM mRNA. Th2 cells cultured in high IL-2 had more IL-13, less GR mRNA, showed reduced binding of the GR to FKBP5, a known GC-induced gene, and required higher concentrations of DEX for cytokine suppression. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IL-2 downregulates Th2 cell responses to GC, supporting both their survival and pro-inflammatory capacity. These results suggest that a patient's potential to produce IL-2 may be a determinant in asthma severity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".