A Deep Learning System for Recognizing Facial Expression in Real-Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents an image-based real-time facial expression recognition system that is able to recognize the facial expressions of several subjects on a webcam at the same time. Our proposed methodology combines a supervised transfer learning strategy and a joint supervision method with center loss, which is crucial for facial tasks. A newly proposed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, MobileNet, which has both accuracy and speed, is deployed in both offline and in a real-time framework that enables fast and accurate real-time output. Evaluations towards two publicly available datasets, JAFFE and CK+, are carried out respectively. The JAFFE dataset reaches an accuracy of 95.24%, while an accuracy of 96.92% is achieved on the 6-class CK+ dataset, which contains only the last frames of image sequences. At last, the average run-time cost for the recognition of the real-time implementation is around 3.57ms/frame on a NVIDIA Quadro K4200 GPU.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".