Lifetime perceptual experience shapes face memory for own- and other-race faces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adults show impaired recognition of other-race compared to own-race faces. This other-race effect (ORE) is suggested to be the result of asymmetrical perceptual experience with own- and other-race faces during development. However, it is unclear whether the impact of experience on adults’ ORE differs across development, and whether experience during adulthood can exert similar effects as experience during development. To investigate these questions, we tested face recognition in White adults, East Asian (EA) adults born and raised in Canada, and EA adults who immigrated to Canada at different ages from infancy to adulthood. When recognizing upright faces, White adults and EA immigrants demonstrated a reliable ORE, whereas EA adults born in Canada showed no ORE. These effects were not present when recognizing inverted faces. Notably, age of arrival positively predicts the magnitude of the ORE. Our study highlights the influence of early experience on the ORE and suggests that the ORE appears relatively unmalleable during adolescence and adulthood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".