Effects of encapsulated organic acids and essential oils on intestinal barrier, microbial count, and bacterial metabolites in broiler chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a combination diet of organic acids and essential oils on epithelial restitution, intestinal microflora, and volatile fatty acids in broiler chickens. A total of 144 1-day-old male chicks (Cobb 500) were allotted to 3 treatment groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: control group (CON, basal diet), antibiotics group (ANT, control + 0.15 g/kg enramycin), and addition group (EOA, control + 0.30 g/kg encapsulated organic acids and essential oils). Compared to the CON group, the EOA group showed a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05) at day 42. The ANT group showed the lowest count of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05) and the highest count of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) in the ileal digesta. Birds that were fed the EOA-supplemented diet had decreased populations of E. coli (P < 0.05). Compared with the ANT group, supplementation with EOA tended to reduce the pH of jejunal digesta (P = 0.079) and ileal digesta (P = 0.078) but significantly increased the concentration of butyric acid (P < 0.05) and tended to increase the concentrations of acetic acid (P = 0.087) and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; P = 0.098) in the ileal digesta. The EOA group showed higher sucrase and maltase activities of jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05) than those in the other groups. The EOA supplementation increased (P < 0.05) claudin-1 mRNA expression in the jejunum. Compared with the other groups, enramycin supplementation significantly reduced jejunal mucosa sIgA (P < 0.05) and down-regulated Mucin-2 and TLR2 mRNA relative expression (P < 0.05) in the jejunal mucosa of broiler chickens. Both EOA and enramycin contribute beneficially to FCR because of their antimicrobial action. EOA may reduce harmful bacteria and promote digestive enzyme activity and higher concentrations of SCFA. In contrast, enramycin may inhibit the growth of beneficial bacteria and reduce the need for intestinal mucosal barrier function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".