DETERMINATION OF HYDROTHERMAL STABILITY OF CONSOLIDATED PARCHMENT AND LEATHERS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since pre-historic times people have known have to make a material that we know as leather. In Egypt, vegetable tanned leather was used since the pre-historic period, but the use of parchment dates back to the Middle Kingdom(1). We may consider that since 1884, with the work of Augustus Schultz, thec hrome tanning process began(2). There are a large number of important parchment manuscripts and tanned leathers (vegetable and chrome tanned leather) in archaeological sites (museums, storages, old libraries and excavation areas). From the moment of its creation, parchment or leather starts to age. Ageing as such is a process resulting from damage brought about as a consequence of production technology, environmental conditions, handling and repair(3). Degradation by heat is probably one of the major factors in the deterioration of a large portion of parchment and leather in museum collections(4). There is no doubt that the first stage of any conservation process should always be a detailed study of the condition of the leather with an understanding of the deterioration process in order to present some solutions for the conservation treatment. Most leather artifacts and parchment manuscripts in Egypt usually suffer because of unsuitable environmental conditions(5). A widly used parameter for measuring the condition of parchment and leather is the shrinkage temperature, representing the temperature of which leather has to be heated in an aqueous environment in order to lose its characteristic tridimensional fibre network construction. The loss of this structure causes the leather or parchment to shrink(6). Reed, R., Ancients skins, Parchments and leathers, Seminar Press, London, 1972, p. 48. Thomson, R. S., Leather manufacture in the post medieval period withspecial references to Northamptonshire, Post Medieval Arch., London, 1981, p.161. Larsen, R., Micro methods for the analysis of parchment – MAP – preliminary report, in care and conservation of manuscripts 5, Fellows – JENSEN, Gillian and Springborg, the Royal Library, 2000, pp. 28-37. Williams, R.S., Surface encrustation on caribon skin coat, Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, Canada, 1982, pp.1-14. Abdel-Maksoud, G. and Marcinkowska, E., Changes in some properties of aged and historical parchment, Restaurator, Vol. 21, Munich, 2000, p.138. Larsen, R. Experiments and observation in the study of environmental impact on historical vegetable tanned leathers, Thermochimica Acta, 2000, p.365.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".