Liquid jet primary breakup in a turbulent cross-airflow at low Weber number
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of turbulence characteristics of a cross-airflow including its velocity fluctuations and integral length and time scales on the primary breakup regime, trajectory and breakup height and time of a transversely injected liquid jet was investigated experimentally. Turbulence intensity of the incoming airflow was varied from $u_{rms}/u_{g}=1.5\,\%$ to 5.5 % (where $u_{g}$ is cross-airflow streamwise mean velocity and $u_{rms}$ is the r.m.s. of the corresponding cross-airflow streamwise mean velocity fluctuation) by placing at the inlet of the test section a perforated plate/grid with a solidity ratio of $S=50\,\%$ . Over the range of gas Weber number, $3.1<We_{g}<7.14$ , the ensuing liquid jet exhibited more fluctuations and late breakup transitional behaviour under turbulent airflow conditions than in a uniform cross-airflow. Proper orthogonal decomposition of the liquid jet dynamics revealed that the use of grid caused a rise in the wavelength of travelling waves along the liquid jet, which hindered the transition of the liquid jet primary breakup regime from enhanced capillary breakup to the bag breakup mode. The quantitative results demonstrated that, at a constant airflow mean velocity, turbulent cross-airflow caused the liquid jet to bend earlier compared with its uniform counterpart. A power-law empirical correlation was proposed for the prediction of the liquid jet trajectory which takes into account the effect of turbulent Reynolds number. The liquid jet breakup height (in the $y$ -axis direction) normalized by the jet diameter, and accordingly the liquid jet breakup time normalized by the airflow integral time scale, were found to decrease with increasing the airflow turbulence intensity. Two power-law empirical correlations were proposed to predict the liquid jet breakup height and time.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it