Evaluation of Alternative Pre-trained Convolutional Neural Networks for Winter Road Surface Condition Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Real-time winter road surface condition (RSC) monitoring is of critical importance for both winter road maintenance operators and the travelling public. Accurate and timely RSC information during snow events can help maintenance operators to deliver better maintenance services, such as plowing and salting, for reduced costs and salt usage and improved level of service. With this information, the traveling public can make more informed decisions on whether or not to travel, where to go, and which highways to drive on. In our previous effort we have shown the potential of applying a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatically detecting winter road surface conditions based on images from fixed traffic/weather cameras or in-vehicle devices. This paper focuses on comparing the performance of four most successful CNN models available from the leaders of this technology, namely, VGG16 (Oxford University), ResNet50 (Microsoft), Inception-V3 (Google) and Xception (Google), for solving the RSC classification problem. The models were first customized with additional fully-connected layers of neurons for learning the specific features of the RSC images. The extended models were then trained with a low learning rate for fine-tuning by using a small set of RSC images. The models were tested using a hold-out set of images from cameras installed at different locations, showing highly encouraging results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".