Backing up the AEM – unravelling a palaeovalley fill for groundwater exploration in the APY Lands
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
SummaryA major constraint on development in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands is the lack of reliable water supplies. Sandstone strata found within palaeovalleys has long been recognised as potentially productive aquifers in outback South Australia. Although the APY Lands are known to contain such geologic features, their development as a viable water supply has been hindered by an acute lack of knowledge.An extensive airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey was acquired as part of the Goyder Institute for Water Research’s Facilitating Long-term Outback Water Solutions Stage 3 (G-FLOWS S3) project in order to improve the understanding of groundwater resource potential in this remote region of South Australia. The AEM data revealed an intricate drainage pattern below the modern-day land surface that represents palaeovalleys. This facilitated the spatial refinement of these palaeodrainage features and provided a better understanding of their overall thickness.A targeted drilling campaign followed the AEM survey. Whereas the AEM data covers a large area of the APY Lands, drilling focused on two areas near the community of Kaltjiti (Fregon) in the eastern part of the APY Lands. Two hydrogeological test sites helped to understand and monitor the groundwater system associated with the Lindsay East Palaeovalley. Furthermore, drilling determined the true depth of the palaeovalley and provided a stratigraphic record. This enabled the validation of the AEM hydrogeophysical model, which included the identification of groundwater bearing zones within the palaeovalley. In total, 11 groundwater wells were constructed and continuous drill core was collected at the two sites.Drilling near the centre of the Lindsay East Palaeovalley suggests there are at least three groundwater-bearing zones. The basal coarse-grained sandstone unit of the younger palaeovalley fill shows promise as a productive aquifer, with development yields varying between 5 and 20 L/sec and salinities of <1000 mg/L TDS.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it