Weathering Carbonation Behavior of Concrete Subject to Early-Age Carbonation Curing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Early-age carbonation for concrete curing has gained increasing attention due to the remarkably enhanced material performance and substantial CO2 storage capability. However, carbonation curing leads to reductions in concrete pH and may weaken concrete’s ability to resist weathering carbonation–induced corrosion during service. This study examines the atmospheric weathering carbonation behavior of portland cement–based concretes after carbonation curing. Two types of concrete mixtures representing normal and high-strength concretes were cured with carbonation at two different durations of high-pressure CO2 exposure. Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete were measured upon the completion of carbonation curing and the 28-day subsequent moisture curing. An accelerated weathering carbonation test (AWCT) was consecutively performed for 12 weeks, and concrete carbonation depth, pH distribution, and compressive strength were measured. It was found that the coefficients of CO2 diffusion due to weathering carbonation were significantly reduced in concrete subject to carbonation curing. The ultimate carbonation depth was attributed to both carbonation curing and weathering carbonation. The normal strength concrete with a higher water-to-cement (w/c) ratio showed a larger ultimate carbonation depth because of the more intensive carbonation curing but was found to substantially slow down the rate of weathering carbonation. With sufficient rebar depth, reinforced concretes made with this mix design could potentially develop a more robust resistance to weathering carbonation–induced corrosion through carbonation curing. With a lower w/c ratio, high-strength concrete cured by carbonation appeared less vulnerable to weathering carbonation due to the lower intensity of carbonation curing and hence proved to be viable for this curing approach. On exposure to 12-week AWCT, concrete made with 0.4 w/c ratio exhibited comparable carbonation depths and pH profiles regardless of curing methods. It is inferred that carbonation curing could potentially be applied to normal-strength reinforced concretes with large rebar depths or general high-strength concrete formulations without accentuating the risk of carbonation-induced corrosion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".