Use of 3-dimensionally printed heart models in the planning and simulation of surgery in patients with Raghib syndrome (coronary sinus defect with left superior vena cava)

Central MessageThree-dimensionally printed models can be used successfully in the preoperative decision making for patients with complex congenital heart defects.See Commentaries on pages 139, 141, and 143. Three-dimensionally printed models can be used successfully in the preoperative decision making for patients with complex congenital heart defects. See Commentaries on pages 139, 141, and 143. Raghib syndrome, also known as coronary sinus defect with persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC), consists of complete unroofing of the partial wall between the coronary sinus and the left atrium in the presence of persistent LSVC.1Raghib G. Ruttenberg H.D. Anderson R.C. Amplatz K. Adams P. Edwards J. Termination of left superior vena cava in left atrium, atrial septal defect and absence of coronary sinus; a developmental complex.Circulation. 1965; 31: 906-918Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar It is characterized hemodynamically by drainage of the LSVC to the left atrium and a large interatrial shunt through the ostium of the unroofed coronary sinus. This article describes the use of 3-dimensional (3D) models in the presurgical planning and simulation of 2 patients with Raghib syndrome. Two patients (5 years, 17.6 kg; and 6 years, 16.2 kg) were referred for elective repair of Raghib syndrome. Cross-sectional imaging was performed to depict the patients' anatomy accurately. From these data, 3D-printed models were produced to assist with anatomy interpretation and simulate the technical approaches before the operation (Figure 1). Our Research Ethics Board does not require the patient's consent because there is no identifiable personal health information. The models were printed with Agilus clear resin (Stratsys Ltd, Eden Prairie, Minn), a soft material suitable for simulation. Both intracardiac and extracardiac repairs were evaluated for feasibility on the models by assessing the anatomic data. Data assessed for intracardiac repair were as follows:1.Pulmonary vein orifices location and proximity to the LSVC orifice.2.Required length for an intra-atrial baffle along the posterior aspect of the mitral valve annulus.3.Required length of an intra-atrial baffle along the posterior wall of the left atrium above the pulmonary vein orifices. Data assessed for extracardiac repair were as follows:1.Length of the dissectible part of the LSVC.2.Distance between the upper LSVC and lower right superior vena cava (RSVC).3.Distance between the upper LSVC and the right atrial appendage (RAA).4.Distance between the ascending aorta and the sternum. Surgical options included are as demonstrated in Figure 2:1.Division of the LSVC at its orifice and anastomosing it to the RSVC or RAA.2.Interposition conduit between the LSVC and the RSVC or RAA.3.Intra-atrial baffle along the roof or floor of the left atrium from the LSVC orifice to the right atrium. Possible challenges of the techniques were considered, and all the methods were simulated on the models. An intra-atrial baffle along the roof of the left atrium was deemed the best option for both cases. It would be least likely to affect the pulmonary venous drainage and mitral inflow. Extracardiac repair was not pursued because of the possible risk of anastomotic stenosis and the minimal distance between the ascending aorta and sternum seen on computed tomography. The baffles were completed with autologous pericardium. Total cardiopulmonary bypass times were 120 and 125 minutes, with aortic crossclamp times of 88 and 83 minutes. Postoperative echocardiograms showed no residual interatrial shunt, no baffle or LSVC obstruction, and no flow acceleration across the mitral valve. There were no operative complications, and both patients were discharged within 5 days. After 5 months of follow-up, both patients remain well. The intracardiac anatomy was accurately portrayed in both models and assisted the surgeon. The major benefit was the reduced time for decision making during the operations. Raghib syndrome results in a large left-to-right shunt through the coronary sinus defect and arterial desaturation, with a risk of paradoxical embolism, as a result of the connection of the LSVC to the left atrium. Transthoracic echocardiography provides an adequate diagnosis of Raghib syndrome, whereas cross-sectional imaging allows clearer definition of the surgical anatomy. In turn, 3D-printed models provide surgeons with an opportunity to plan and practice the intended procedure. The use of intracardiac and extracardiac repairs is well documented.2Ak K. Hamidov A. Ileri C. Tigen K. Isbir S. Arsan S. Correction of cortriatriatum sinister with classical Raghib's complex using an extracardiac conduit.J Card Surg. 2017; 32: 729-731Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 3Reddy V.M. McElhinney D.B. Hanley F.L. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques.Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63: 1800-1802Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 4Pérez-Caballero R. Plata Izquierdo B. Gil-Jaurena J.M. Raghib syndrome. Surgical treatment.Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016; 69: 71Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar Concerns of the intracardiac repairs include pulmonary or mitral inflow obstruction and the risk of arrythmias.3Reddy V.M. McElhinney D.B. Hanley F.L. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques.Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63: 1800-1802Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar,4Pérez-Caballero R. Plata Izquierdo B. Gil-Jaurena J.M. Raghib syndrome. Surgical treatment.Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016; 69: 71Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar Of the extracardiac repair methods, direct anastomosis is preferred because it maintains growth potential and has lower thrombotic complications than synthetic grafts; however, the LSVC has to be long enough to avoid any tension on the anastomosis.2Ak K. Hamidov A. Ileri C. Tigen K. Isbir S. Arsan S. Correction of cortriatriatum sinister with classical Raghib's complex using an extracardiac conduit.J Card Surg. 2017; 32: 729-731Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar Techniques include anastomosing to the RAA, tunneling through the transverse sinus to the RSVC, and creating a bidirectional left superior cavopulmonary anastomosis with the pulmonary artery.3Reddy V.M. McElhinney D.B. Hanley F.L. Correction of left superior vena cava draining to the left atrium using extracardiac techniques.Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 63: 1800-1802Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar The use of a conduit is technically easier, because it does not require crossclamping and avoids thorough dissection of the LSVC, removing the risk of phrenic nerve injury.2Ak K. Hamidov A. Ileri C. Tigen K. Isbir S. Arsan S. Correction of cortriatriatum sinister with classical Raghib's complex using an extracardiac conduit.J Card Surg. 2017; 32: 729-731Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar In addition to deciding what method was best from the models, it was planned that extension of the atrial septal defect superiorly was possible, followed by the single-patch technique to create the baffle and simultaneously close the atrial septal defect. The current surgical simulation with 3D-printed models is limited by its inability to assess the results of the repair objectively in a dynamic setting. Furthermore, the benefit of preoperative surgical simulation in patients with systemic or pulmonary venous abnormalities should be assessed in a larger cohort. This report highlights the successful use of 3D printing in the simulation and presurgical planning in patients with Raghib syndrome.

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