Impact of Frequency-Dependent Soil Models on Grounding System Performance for Direct and Indirect Lightning Strikes
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The goal of this article is to investigate the effect of frequency-dependent soil models on the performance of grounding electrodes subjected to lightning strikes. Several soil models are examined while accounting for the variation of soil resistivity and permittivity as a function of the lightning current frequency spectrum. The analysis is performed for a homogeneous soil and a two-layer horizontally stratified soil. The impact of the frequency-dependent soil parameters on the ground potential rise (GPR) of simple grounding electrodes subjected to lightning is analyzed and discussed. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain and in the time domain. A wind turbine and its grounding system are also considered in this article. Special attention is given to the case of indirect lightning, rarely mentioned in the literature. The GPR of the grounding electrodes is examined when the frequency dependence of the soil is taken into account and the lightning channel is located at close distances to the electrodes. Indeed, the level of induced electromagnetic fields caused by a nearby lightning channel can still be too high and potentially dangerous. The computations are performed using an efficient Method of Moments (MoM) numerical tool based on surface-wire integral equations for a stratified medium in the frequency range from dc to several MHz. Numerical results demonstrate that the frequency dependency of the soil parameters results in a decrease of the potential rise of the grounding electrodes, with respect to the case where the parameters are assumed constant.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it