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A Study on the Rules of Trade in Services in RTAs ― Focus on Korea RTAs ―

2017· article· en· W3023833930 on OpenAlex

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aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
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Bibliographic record

VenueInstitute for Legal Studies Chonnam National University · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicTechnology and Data Analysis
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsRegional tradeFocus (optics)BusinessInternational tradeFree trade

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

지역무역협정을 통한 서비스 무역 자유화의 근거는 GATS 제5조에서 찾을 수 있다. 동 조항에 따르면 지역무역협정이 상당한 분야별 대상 범위를 가지고, 협정 당사자간 서비스 분야에 대한 모든 차별조치를 실질적으로 철폐하는 경우 서비스 무역을 자유화하기 위한 지역무역협정이 최혜국대우원칙에 대한 예외로서 인정된다. 이는 무역자유화를 추구하는 것이 WTO 규범의 기본 목적이며, 지역무역협정이 확대될 경우 궁극적으로 세계 자유 무역을 확대시킬 것이라는 기대 때문이다. 지역무역협정에서 서비스 무역 자유화의 방식은 크게 포지티브 리스트 방식과 네거티브 리스트 방식으로 구분할 수 있다. 포지티브 방식이란 협정 당사국이 상대국에게 개방하고자 하는 서비스 분야를 양허표 형식으로 작성하는 방식을 말하며, 네거티브 방식이란 반대로 상대국에게 개방하지 않을 서비스 분야를 유보안 형식으로 작성하는 것이다. 포지티브 방식에 비하여 네거티브 방식을 사용할 때 서비스 무역의 자유화 수준은 월등히 높아진다. 우리나라의 경우 대표적으로 한-EU FTA와 한-중 FTA가 포지티브 리스트 방식을, 한-미 FTA와 한-캐나다 FTA 등이 네거티브 리스트 방식을 채택하였다. 서비스 산업의 상대적 후발주자인 우리나라는 WTO에 서비스 양허안을 제출할 당시에는 소극적인 개방계획을 견지하였으나, 한-미 FTA를 계기로 수준 높은 개방을 추구하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 비교적 최근에 체결한 지역무역협정에서는 네거티브 리스트 방식으로 서비스 무역 자유화를 채택하였으며, 한-중 FTA의 경우 현재는 포지티브 리스트 방식으로 체결되었으나, 후속 협상을 통해 협정문과 부속서를 개정하기로 합의한 바 있다. 서비스 무역의 수출ㆍ입에서 1위를 차지하고 있는 미국이 NAFTA 이후의 모든 지역무역협정에서 서비스 무역 자유화 방식을 네거티브 리스트 방식으로 체결하고 있는 점을 감안할 때 우리나라도 향후 체결할 지역무역협정에서는 일관되게 네거티브 리스트 방식을 지향하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 보인다.Liberalization of the trade in services through the RTAs is based on the article 5 in GATS. To develop the trade liberalization and expand the trade in services, GATS stipulate this article as an MFN exception. According to this article 5, service agreement has substantial sectoral coverage and should eliminate substantially all discrimination. There are two approaches how to liberalize the trade in services in RTAs. One is the positive list approach which is called GATS approach, too and the other is the negative list approach. In the positive list approach, the parties make the schedule of specific commitments which contain services sectors the party wants to open to the other party. On the contrary, in the negative list approach, the parties make the reservation lists are composed of the services sectors the party doesn’t want to open to the other party. As a result, using the negative list approach could achieve the higher levels of liberalization. Korea adopted both approaches in previous RTAs. In Korea - ASEAN FTA, Korea - China FTA, Korea - EU FTA, the positive list approach were adopted. In Korea - US FTA, Korea - Australia FTA, Korea - Canada FTA, Korea - Peru FTA, negative list approach were adopted. Compared to the positive list approach, the negative approach is aimed at the high level of liberalization. The recently made Korea RTAs except Korea - China FTA were agreed to open the services market to the other party widely. And although the KoreaㆍChina FTA adopted the positive list approach for now, but they agreed to launch the following talks in two years to revise the service chapter and the schedule of specific commitment. The Korea runs a deficit on trade in services. To develop the international competitiveness in this part, Korea government apparently adopted this policy. To maintain the consistency of government policy, Korea should choose one approach. Because according to the approach, the structure of obligations and the level of liberalization become different. Considering the current direction of government policy, maintaining the negative list approach will be better.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.948
Threshold uncertainty score0.683

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.050
GPT teacher head0.295
Teacher spread0.244 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it