First report of DMI‐insensitive <i>Cercospora beticola</i> on sugar beet in Ontario, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is an economically important foliar disease of sugar beet in Ontario, Canada. The first demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide registered for sugar beet in Canada was prothioconazole (PA) in 2006 and fungicides containing difenoconazole (DA), metconazole, propiconazole and tetraconazole (TA) are currently available. Leaves with Cercospora leaf spot symptoms were collected from twelve commercial sites in September 2016 in the sugarbeet-growing region in Ontario, Canada, which includes c. 3925 ha of sugar beet within an area of c. 300,000 ha in Kent and Lambton counties. Disease severity ranged from approximately 40 to 70% leaf area affected. Field records were only available for half of the locations, but at least one DMI fungicide had been applied during the 2016 growing season at these sites. Single-conidial cultures of C. beticola were prepared and isolate sensitivity was determined by the EC50 (effective control of 50% of germinating conidia) on water agar amended with technical grade DA, fenbuconazole (FA), flutriafol (FL), PA and TA at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mg/l. The EC50 values were estimated by interpolation of the 50% intercept, based on regression of the arcsine of relative germination versus the log10 transformed fungicide concentration. Isolates showed a similar response based on the spiral gradient dilution method (Förster et al., 2) and a relative growth assay (Fig. 1, only for illustration of dose-response). A total of 31, 32, 34, 30 and 33 isolates were screened against the above fungicides and using a sensitivity threshold of 1 mg/l to identify resistant isolates (Bolton et al., 1), isolates insensitive or resistant to DA, FA, FL, PA and TA were 61, 72, 94, 93 and 97% respectively (Fig. 2). Isolates with EC50 values over 100 mg/l ranged from 26 to 47% for all fungicides. Resistant isolates generally clustered into three groups, those greater with EC50 values greater than or equal to 1 to 5 mg/l, greater than or equal to 10 to 50 mg/l, and greater than 100 mg/l. One possibility is that isolates in each EC50 class have a different genotype, however, this hypothesis needs testing. Isolates showed similar sensitivity response to all fungicides indicating differential cross-resistance amongst isolates to active ingredients in the DMI class of fungicides. This is the first report of DMI-insensitive C. beticola in Canada. Resistance has been reported in other growing regions (Karaoglanidis et al., 3, Secor et al., 4, Trkulja et al., 6). Field resistance of C. beticola to DMI fungicides poses a challenge for sugar beet production in Ontario due to favourable conditions for disease and the presence of QoI-insensitive C. beticola in the same growing region (Trueman et al., 5), leaving copper and ethylene bisdithiocarbamate fungicides as the only effective tools for disease management. The authors thank J. LeBoeuf and W. Martin for sample collection and the Michigan Sugar Company for funding.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it