Examining the use of electronic money and technology by the diaspora in international remittance system: A case of Somali remittances from Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The diaspora, particularly through ICT‐enabled remittances, are an important lifeline to many in the developing world. This study aims to better understand the usefulness of ICTs in the role played by the remittance sending diasporans in developing countries' economic and social system. Through a mixed‐method approach, we explore the institution behind the Somali Hawala system and how it is enabled by technology. Guided by the question: What is the role of electronic money, technology, and the diaspora in the international remittance system? Using Somalia and the Somali diaspora, we create an inventory of the Hawala businesses based in the Canada gathered from secondary sources and online business listings. Next, surveys of 143 Somalis, who have remitted internationally in 2017, were conducted. We observed that social ties are strong motivators as to why individuals in Canada send money to people in Somalia. People who communicate less frequently were more likely to send less than $500. However, those who frequently communicate with their family members were more likely to send more than $500. Drawing on Social Network Theory and Altruism theory, we establish the role of ICTs in the Somali money transfer sector, confirming the crucial role served by ICTs in remittances.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it